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-8"],["sp2-2","lf2-9"],["sp2-2","lf2-10"],["sp2-2","lf2-11"],["sp2-2","lf2-12"],["sp2-2","lf2-13"],["sp2-2","lf2-14"],["sp2-2","lf2-15"],["sp2-2","lf2-16"],["sp2-3","lf2-1"],["sp2-3","lf2-2"],["sp2-3","lf2-3"],["sp2-3","lf2-4"],["sp2-3","lf2-5"],["sp2-3","lf2-6"],["sp2-3","lf2-7"],["sp2-3","lf2-8"],["sp2-3","lf2-9"],["sp2-3","lf2-10"],["sp2-3","lf2-11"],["sp2-3","lf2-12"],["sp2-3","lf2-13"],["sp2-3","lf2-14"],["sp2-3","lf2-15"],["sp2-3","lf2-16"],["sp2-4","lf2-1"],["sp2-4","lf2-2"],["sp2-4","lf2-3"],["sp2-4","lf2-4"],["sp2-4","lf2-5"],["sp2-4","lf2-6"],["sp2-4","lf2-7"],["sp2-4","lf2-8"],["sp2-4","lf2-9"],["sp2-4","lf2-10"],["sp2-4","lf2-11"],["sp2-4","lf2-12"],["sp2-4","lf2-13"],["sp2-4","lf2-14"],["sp2-4","lf2-15"],["sp2-4","lf2-16"],["sp3-1","lf3-1"],["sp3-1","lf3-2"],["sp3-1","lf3-3"],["sp3-1","lf3-4"],["sp3-1","lf3-5"],["sp3-1","lf3-6"],["sp3-1","lf3-7"],["sp3-1","lf3-8"],["sp3-1","lf3-9"],["sp3-1","lf3-10"],["sp3-1","lf3-11"],["sp3-1","lf3-12"],["sp3-1","lf3-13"],["sp3-1","lf3-14"],["sp3-1","lf3-15"],["sp3-1","lf3-16"],["sp3-2","lf3-1"],["sp3-2","lf3-2"],["sp3-2","lf3-3"],["sp3-2","lf3-4"],["sp3-2","lf3-5"],["sp3-2","lf3-6"],["sp3-2","lf3-7"],["sp3-2","lf3-8"],["sp3-2","lf3-9"],["sp3-2","lf3-10"],["sp3-2","lf3-11"],["sp3-2","lf3-12"],["sp3-2","lf3-13"],["sp3-2","lf3-14"],["sp3-2","lf3-15"],["sp3-2","lf3-16"],["sp3-3","lf3-1"],["sp3-3","lf3-2"],["sp3-3","lf3-3"],["sp3-3","lf3-4"],["sp3-3","lf3-5"],["sp3-3","lf3-6"],["sp3-3","lf3-7"],["sp3-3","lf3-8"],["sp3-3","lf3-9"],["sp3-3","lf3-10"],["sp3-3","lf3-11"],["sp3-3","lf3-12"],["sp3-3","lf3-13"],["sp3-3","lf3-14"],["sp3-3","lf3-15"],["sp3-3","lf3-16"],["sp3-4","lf3-1"],["sp3-4","lf3-2"],["sp3-4","lf3-3"],["sp3-4","lf3-4"],["sp3-4","lf3-5"],["sp3-4","lf3-6"],["sp3-4","lf3-7"],["sp3-4","lf3-8"],["sp3-4","lf3-9"],["sp3-4","lf3-10"],["sp3-4","lf3-11"],["sp3-4","lf3-12"],["sp3-4","lf3-13"],["sp3-4","lf3-14"],["sp3-4","lf3-15"],["sp3-4","lf3-16"],["sp4-1","lf4-1"],["sp4-1","lf4-2"],["sp4-1","lf4-3"],["sp4-1","lf4-4"],["sp4-1","lf4-5"],["sp4-1","lf4-6"],["sp4-1","lf4-7"],["sp4-1","lf4-8"],["sp4-1","lf4-9"],["sp4-1","lf4-10"],["sp4-1","lf4-11"],["sp4-1","lf4-12"],["sp4-1","lf4-13"],["sp4-1","lf4-14"],["sp4-1","lf4-15"],["sp4-1","lf4-16"],["sp4-2","lf4-1"],["sp4-2","lf4-2"],["sp4-2","lf4-3"],["sp4-2","lf4-4"],["sp4-2","lf4-5"],["sp4-2","lf4-6"],["sp4-2","lf4-7"],["sp4-2","lf4-8"],["sp4-2","lf4-9"],["sp4-2","lf4-10"],["sp4-2","lf4-11"],["sp4-2","lf4-12"],["sp4-2","lf4-13"],["sp4-2","lf4-14"],["sp4-2","lf4-15"],["sp4-2","lf4-16"],["sp4-3","lf4-1"],["sp4-3","lf4-2"],["sp4-3","lf4-3"],["sp4-3","lf4-4"],["sp4-3","lf4-5"],["sp4-3","lf4-6"],["sp4-3","lf4-7"],["sp4-3","lf4-8"],["sp4-3","lf4-9"],["sp4-3","lf4-10"],["sp4-3","lf4-11"],["sp4-3","lf4-12"],["sp4-3","lf4-13"],["sp4-3","lf4-14"],["sp4-3","lf4-15"],["sp4-3","lf4-16"],["sp4-4","lf4-1"],["sp4-4","lf4-2"],["sp4-4","lf4-3"],["sp4-4","lf4-4"],["sp4-4","lf4-5"],["sp4-4","lf4-6"],["sp4-4","lf4-7"],["sp4-4","lf4-8"],["sp4-4","lf4-9"],["sp4-4","lf4-10"],["sp4-4","lf4-11"],["sp4-4","lf4-12"],["sp4-4","lf4-13"],["sp4-4","lf4-14"],["sp4-4","lf4-15"],["sp4-4","lf4-16"]]},"bgp-clos-medium":{"protocol":"BGP","topology":6,"variation":1,"title":"3-tier pod Clos (M)","tags":["datacenter","clos","ebgp","ecmp","ipv4"],"help":["38 routers in a three-tier Clos, running eBGP only.","2 super spines over 3 pods, each of 4 spines and 8 leaves","Every leaf is joined to every spine of its pod, and every spine to every super spine","Any two leaves are 2 hops apart within a pod and 4 across pods, over equal cost paths","Every router peers over the /31 of each link and redistributes its loopback only","AS 65000 for the super spines, 6510N for the spines of pod N, and one from 65201 up for every leaf","A route never comes back into a tier it left, its AS path already holding the AS of that 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routers in a Dragonfly+, as in supercomputers and AI clusters, running eBGP only.","9 groups in a ring, each a two-tier Clos of 4 spines and 6 leaves","Every spine has 2 global links to other groups, one between every two groups","Any two leaves are 2 hops apart within a group, over 4 paths, and 3 across groups, over the one global link between them","Every router peers over the /31 of each link and redistributes its loopback only","AS 6510N for the spines of group N, and one from 65201 up for every leaf","The global link between two groups has the shortest AS path, the leaves keeping the detours through other groups in reserve","Take a global link down: its two groups detour through one or two others, 4 or 5 hops rather than 3","No detour goes down through the leaves of a group, which would bring a route back into the spines it left","`show bgp neighbor`: a router's sessions and the prefixes each one 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core","tags":["service-provider","route-reflection","ibgp","ebgp","next-hop-self","ldp","isis","overload-bit","ecmp","ipv4"],"help":["18 routers of a service provider whose core runs no BGP.","8 P routers run IS-IS and LDP and nothing else: p1 and p3 in the west, p2 and p4 in the east, and three routes between them","The center route, through p6 and p7, is the shortest: every path between west and east takes it, split over both P routers at either end","The north route through p5 and the south one through p8 cross long-haul links of metric 20: take p6-p7 down, and the paths split over the two of them","4 PEs, each homed to the two P routers of its side, carry the routes of their customers, a CE each in an AS of its own, over iBGP","Every PE is a client of both route reflectors, rr1 over the core and rr2 under it, in the one cluster 10.0.0.1","The PEs set themselves as next hop, so customer traffic rides LDP to the loopback of the far PE, and the P routers never learn a customer route","A failure in the core moves the LSPs and nothing else: the routes of the customers keep their next hops, and BGP doesn't notice","A reflector reflects the routes of a client with their ORIGINATOR_ID and CLUSTER_LIST, and ignores those carrying its own CLUSTER_ID","Every PE uses the routes of rr1: stop it, and within 9 seconds every PE moves onto those of rr2","The reflectors set the IS-IS overload bit, so no path crosses them, though p1-rr1-p2 is the shortest from west to east, and run LDP, for the PEs to reach them over LSPs like everything else","`show bgp neighbor` on a reflector, and `show route` and `show ldp binding` (`show mpls ldp binding` in the IOS XR style) on a PE"],"diagram":{"rr1":[4.5,0],"ce1":[0,1.2],"pe1":[1.25,1.2],"p1":[2.5,1.2],"p5":[4.5,1.2],"p2":[6.5,1.2],"pe3":[7.75,1.2],"ce3":[9,1.2],"p6":[3.75,2.2],"p7":[5.25,2.2],"ce2":[0,3.2],"pe2":[1.25,3.2],"p3":[2.5,3.2],"p8":[4.5,3.2],"p4":[6.5,3.2],"pe4":[7.75,3.2],"ce4":[9,3.2],"rr2":[4.5,4.4]},"nodes":["pe1","pe2","p1","p2","p3","p4","pe3","pe4","p5","p6","p7","p8","rr1","rr2","ce1","ce2","ce3","ce4"],"links":[["p1","p3"],["p2","p4"],["p1","p6"],["p3","p6"],["p6","p7"],["p7","p2"],["p7","p4"],["p1","p5"],["p5","p2"],["p3","p8"],["p8","p4"],["pe1","p1"],["pe1","p3"],["pe2","p1"],["pe2","p3"],["pe3","p2"],["pe3","p4"],["pe4","p2"],["pe4","p4"],["rr1","p1"],["rr1","p2"],["rr2","p3"],["rr2","p4"],["ce1","pe1"],["ce2","pe2"],["ce3","pe3"],["ce4","pe4"]]},"bgp-inter-as":{"protocol":"BGP","topology":12,"variation":1,"title":"Inter-AS policy","tags":["ebgp","ibgp","route-reflection","ospfv2","isis","policy","communities","local-preference","as-path-prepend","prefix-filter","internet-exchange","ipv4"],"help":["42 routers in eight autonomous systems, routing between them by the policy of their relationships.","Transit providers 64500 and 64501 peer with each other over two private interconnects, ta3-tb3 and ta5-tb5","Regional ISPs 64502 and 64503 buy transit from 64500 and 64501, and the content network 64510 from both; the three of them peer at an exchange point","Each of those four is nine routers on a grid, with its route reflector in the middle, on the path between them: every other router has a single iBGP session, with the reflector","64500 and 64503 run OSPF inside, and 64501 and 64502 IS-IS, which carries the loopbacks the iBGP sessions run between","A reflector sends its clients its own best route alone: rra takes the routes of 64501 through ta5, the interconnect closest to it, and so does every router of 64500 but ta3, which keeps its own","Stop rra, and within 9 seconds every router of 64500 is left with the routes it learned itself, and 64501 and 64502 reach each other no longer: a single reflector is a single point of failure","Routes from customers are filtered by their prefixes; local preference is 200 for customers, 100 for peers and 50 for providers","Every route is tagged with a community saying where it came from, and only an AS's own routes and its customers' reach its peers and providers","Enterprise 64505 is homed to 64502, and to 64503 as a backup, prepending twice and asking for last resort with 64503:70: take the link between rc8 and en1 down, and every AS moves onto the backup","Hijacker 64506 announces 172.16.10.128/25, inside 172.16.10.0/24 of the content network, and its provider's filter drops it","Every AS originates 172.16.N.0/24, N being its AS less 64500, its loopbacks numbered from it, so every router reaches every other, and a trace follows the path across the ASes"],"diagram":{"ta1":[0,0],"ta2":[1,0],"ta3":[2,0],"ta4":[0,1],"rra":[1,1],"ta5":[2,1],"ta6":[0,2],"ta7":[1,2],"ta8":[2,2],"rc1":[0,3.5],"rc2":[1,3.5],"rc3":[2,3.5],"rc4":[0,4.5],"rrc":[1,4.5],"rc5":[2,4.5],"rc6":[0,5.5],"rc7":[1,5.5],"rc8":[2,5.5],"hj1":[0,7],"tb1":[6,0],"tb2":[5,0],"tb3":[4,0],"tb4":[6,1],"rrb":[5,1],"tb5":[4,1],"tb6":[6,2],"tb7":[5,2],"tb8":[4,2],"rd1":[6,3.5],"rd2":[5,3.5],"rd3":[4,3.5],"rd4":[6,4.5],"rrd":[5,4.5],"rd5":[4,4.5],"rd6":[6,5.5],"rd7":[5,5.5],"rd8":[4,5.5],"st1":[6,7],"cd1":[3,2],"cd2":[3,3.1],"en1":[2,7],"en2":[4,7]},"nodes":["ta1","ta2","ta3","ta4","ta5","ta6","ta7","ta8","rra","tb1","tb2","tb3","tb4","tb5","tb6","tb7","tb8","rrb","rc1","rc2","rc3","rc4","rc5","rc6","rc7","rc8","rrc","rd1","rd2","rd3","rd4","rd5","rd6","rd7","rd8","rrd","en1","en2","hj1","st1","cd1","cd2"],"links":[["ta1","ta2"],["ta1","ta4"],["ta2","ta3"],["ta2","rra"],["ta3","ta5"],["ta4","rra"],["ta4","ta6"],["rra","ta5"],["rra","ta7"],["ta5","ta8"],["ta6","ta7"],["ta7","ta8"],["tb1","tb2"],["tb1","tb4"],["tb2","tb3"],["tb2","rrb"],["tb3","tb5"],["tb4","rrb"],["tb4","tb6"],["rrb","tb5"],["rrb","tb7"],["tb5","tb8"],["tb6","tb7"],["tb7","tb8"],["rc1","rc2"],["rc1","rc4"],["rc2","rc3"],["rc2","rrc"],["rc3","rc5"],["rc4","rrc"],["rc4","rc6"],["rrc","rc5"],["rrc","rc7"],["rc5","rc8"],["rc6","rc7"],["rc7","rc8"],["rd1","rd2"],["rd1","rd4"],["rd2","rd3"],["rd2","rrd"],["rd3","rd5"],["rd4","rrd"],["rd4","rd6"],["rrd","rd5"],["rrd","rd7"],["rd5","rd8"],["rd6","rd7"],["rd7","rd8"],["en1","en2"],["cd1","cd2"],["ta3","tb3"],["ta5","tb5"],["ta7","rc2"],["tb7","rd2"],["ta8","cd1"],["tb8","cd1"],["rc8","en1"],["rd8","en2"],["rc6","hj1"],["rd6","st1"],["cd2","rc5","rd5"]]},"bgp-vchassis-large":{"protocol":"BGP","topology":9,"variation":1,"title":"3-tier virtual chassis Clos (L)","tags":["datacenter","clos","ebgp","ecmp","ipv4"],"help":["80 routers in a three-tier Clos built of virtual chassis, running eBGP only.","4 chassis, each a two-tier Clos of 4 spines and 8 leaves, every leaf joined to every spine","8 groups of 4 ToRs, half drawn over the chassis and half under them, every ToR of group N joined to leaf N of every chassis","Any two ToRs are 4 hops apart, or 2 within a group, over equal cost paths","Every router peers over the /31 of each link and redistributes its loopback only","AS 65000 for the spines, 6510N for the leaves joined to group N, and one from 65201 up for every ToR","A route never comes back into a tier it left, its AS path already holding the AS of that tier"],"diagram":{"lf1-1":[0.0,2],"lf1-2":[0.7,2],"lf1-3":[1.4,2],"lf1-4":[2.1,2],"lf1-5":[0.0,6],"lf1-6":[0.7,6],"lf1-7":[1.4,6],"lf1-8":[2.1,6],"sp1-1":[0.0,4],"sp1-2":[0.7,4],"sp1-3":[1.4,4],"sp1-4":[2.1,4],"lf2-1":[2.75,2],"lf2-2":[3.45,2],"lf2-3":[4.15,2],"lf2-4":[4.85,2],"lf2-5":[2.75,6],"lf2-6":[3.45,6],"lf2-7":[4.15,6],"lf2-8":[4.85,6],"sp2-1":[2.75,4],"sp2-2":[3.45,4],"sp2-3":[4.15,4],"sp2-4":[4.85,4],"lf3-1":[5.5,2],"lf3-2":[6.2,2],"lf3-3":[6.9,2],"lf3-4":[7.6,2],"lf3-5":[5.5,6],"lf3-6":[6.2,6],"lf3-7":[6.9,6],"lf3-8":[7.6,6],"sp3-1":[5.5,4],"sp3-2":[6.2,4],"sp3-3":[6.9,4],"sp3-4":[7.6,4],"lf4-1":[8.25,2],"lf4-2":[8.95,2],"lf4-3":[9.65,2],"lf4-4":[10.35,2],"lf4-5":[8.25,6],"lf4-6":[8.95,6],"lf4-7":[9.65,6],"lf4-8":[10.35,6],"sp4-1":[8.25,4],"sp4-2":[8.95,4],"sp4-3":[9.65,4],"sp4-4":[10.35,4],"tor1-1":[0.0,0],"tor1-2":[0.69,0],"tor1-3":[1.38,0],"tor1-4":[2.07,0],"tor2-1":[2.76,0],"tor2-2":[3.45,0],"tor2-3":[4.14,0],"tor2-4":[4.83,0],"tor3-1":[5.52,0],"tor3-2":[6.21,0],"tor3-3":[6.9,0],"tor3-4":[7.59,0],"tor4-1":[8.28,0],"tor4-2":[8.97,0],"tor4-3":[9.66,0],"tor4-4":[10.35,0],"tor5-1":[0.0,8],"tor5-2":[0.69,8],"tor5-3":[1.38,8],"tor5-4":[2.07,8],"tor6-1":[2.76,8],"tor6-2":[3.45,8],"tor6-3":[4.14,8],"tor6-4":[4.83,8],"tor7-1":[5.52,8],"tor7-2":[6.21,8],"tor7-3":[6.9,8],"tor7-4":[7.59,8],"tor8-1":[8.28,8],"tor8-2":[8.97,8],"tor8-3":[9.66,8],"tor8-4":[10.35,8]},"nodes":["sp1-1","sp1-2","sp1-3","sp1-4","sp2-1","sp2-2","sp2-3","sp2-4","sp3-1","sp3-2","sp3-3","sp3-4","sp4-1","sp4-2","sp4-3","sp4-4","lf1-1","lf1-2","lf1-3","lf1-4","lf1-5","lf1-6","lf1-7","lf1-8","lf2-1","lf2-2","lf2-3","lf2-4","lf2-5","lf2-6","lf2-7","lf2-8","lf3-1","lf3-2","lf3-3","lf3-4","lf3-5","lf3-6","lf3-7","lf3-8","lf4-1","lf4-2","lf4-3","lf4-4","lf4-5","lf4-6","lf4-7","lf4-8","tor1-1","tor1-2","tor1-3","tor1-4","tor2-1","tor2-2","tor2-3","tor2-4","tor3-1","tor3-2","tor3-3","tor3-4","tor4-1","tor4-2","tor4-3","tor4-4","tor5-1","tor5-2","tor5-3","tor5-4","tor6-1","tor6-2","tor6-3","tor6-4","tor7-1","tor7-2","tor7-3","tor7-4","tor8-1","tor8-2","tor8-3","tor8-4"],"links":[["sp1-1","lf1-1"],["sp1-2","lf1-1"],["sp1-3","lf1-1"],["sp1-4","lf1-1"],["sp1-1","lf1-2"],["sp1-2","lf1-2"],["sp1-3","lf1-2"],["sp1-4","lf1-2"],["sp1-1","lf1-3"],["sp1-2","lf1-3"],["sp1-3","lf1-3"],["sp1-4","lf1-3"],["sp1-1","lf1-4"],["sp1-2","lf1-4"],["sp1-3","lf1-4"],["sp1-4","lf1-4"],["sp1-1","lf1-5"],["sp1-2","lf1-5"],["sp1-3","lf1-5"],["sp1-4","lf1-5"],["sp1-1","lf1-6"],["sp1-2","lf1-6"],["sp1-3","lf1-6"],["sp1-4","lf1-6"],["sp1-1","lf1-7"],["sp1-2","lf1-7"],["sp1-3","lf1-7"],["sp1-4","lf1-7"],["sp1-1","lf1-8"],["sp1-2","lf1-8"],["sp1-3","lf1-8"],["sp1-4","lf1-8"],["sp2-1","lf2-1"],["sp2-2","lf2-1"],["sp2-3","lf2-1"],["sp2-4","lf2-1"],["sp2-1","lf2-2"],["sp2-2","lf2-2"],["sp2-3","lf2-2"],["sp2-4","lf2-2"],["sp2-1","lf2-3"],["sp2-2","lf2-3"],["sp2-3","lf2-3"],["sp2-4","lf2-3"],["sp2-1","lf2-4"],["sp2-2","lf2-4"],["sp2-3","lf2-4"],["sp2-4","lf2-4"],["sp2-1","lf2-5"],["sp2-2","lf2-5"],["sp2-3","lf2-5"],["sp2-4","lf2-5"],["sp2-1","lf2-6"],["sp2-2","lf2-6"],["sp2-3","lf2-6"],["sp2-4","lf2-6"],["sp2-1","lf2-7"],["sp2-2","lf2-7"],["sp2-3","lf2-7"],["sp2-4","lf2-7"],["sp2-1","lf2-8"],["sp2-2","lf2-8"],["sp2-3","lf2-8"],["sp2-4","lf2-8"],["sp3-1","lf3-1"],["sp3-2","lf3-1"],["sp3-3","lf3-1"],["sp3-4","lf3-1"],["sp3-1","lf3-2"],["sp3-2","lf3-2"],["sp3-3","lf3-2"],["sp3-4","lf3-2"],["sp3-1","lf3-3"],["sp3-2","lf3-3"],["sp3-3","lf3-3"],["sp3-4","lf3-3"],["sp3-1","lf3-4"],["sp3-2","lf3-4"],["sp3-3","lf3-4"],["sp3-4","lf3-4"],["sp3-1","lf3-5"],["sp3-2","lf3-5"],["sp3-3","lf3-5"],["sp3-4","lf3-5"],["sp3-1","lf3-6"],["sp3-2","lf3-6"],["sp3-3","lf3-6"],["sp3-4","lf3-6"],["sp3-1","lf3-7"],["sp3-2","lf3-7"],["sp3-3","lf3-7"],["sp3-4","lf3-7"],["sp3-1","lf3-8"],["sp3-2","lf3-8"],["sp3-3","lf3-8"],["sp3-4","lf3-8"],["sp4-1","lf4-1"],["sp4-2","lf4-1"],["sp4-3","lf4-1"],["sp4-4","lf4-1"],["sp4-1","lf4-2"],["sp4-2","lf4-2"],["sp4-3","lf4-2"],["sp4-4","lf4-2"],["sp4-1","lf4-3"],["sp4-2","lf4-3"],["sp4-3","lf4-3"],["sp4-4","lf4-3"],["sp4-1","lf4-4"],["sp4-2","lf4-4"],["sp4-3","lf4-4"],["sp4-4","lf4-4"],["sp4-1","lf4-5"],["sp4-2","lf4-5"],["sp4-3","lf4-5"],["sp4-4","lf4-5"],["sp4-1","lf4-6"],["sp4-2","lf4-6"],["sp4-3","lf4-6"],["sp4-4","lf4-6"],["sp4-1","lf4-7"],["sp4-2","lf4-7"],["sp4-3","lf4-7"],["sp4-4","lf4-7"],["sp4-1","lf4-8"],["sp4-2","lf4-8"],["sp4-3","lf4-8"],["sp4-4","lf4-8"],["lf1-1","tor1-1"],["lf2-1","tor1-1"],["lf3-1","tor1-1"],["lf4-1","tor1-1"],["lf1-1","tor1-2"],["lf2-1","tor1-2"],["lf3-1","tor1-2"],["lf4-1","tor1-2"],["lf1-1","tor1-3"],["lf2-1","tor1-3"],["lf3-1","tor1-3"],["lf4-1","tor1-3"],["lf1-1","tor1-4"],["lf2-1","tor1-4"],["lf3-1","tor1-4"],["lf4-1","tor1-4"],["lf1-2","tor2-1"],["lf2-2","tor2-1"],["lf3-2","tor2-1"],["lf4-2","tor2-1"],["lf1-2","tor2-2"],["lf2-2","tor2-2"],["lf3-2","tor2-2"],["lf4-2","tor2-2"],["lf1-2","tor2-3"],["lf2-2","tor2-3"],["lf3-2","tor2-3"],["lf4-2","tor2-3"],["lf1-2","tor2-4"],["lf2-2","tor2-4"],["lf3-2","tor2-4"],["lf4-2","tor2-4"],["lf1-3",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virtual chassis Clos (M)","tags":["datacenter","clos","ebgp","ecmp","ipv4"],"help":["48 routers in a three-tier Clos built of virtual chassis, running eBGP only.","4 chassis, each a two-tier Clos of 4 spines and 4 leaves, every leaf joined to every spine","4 groups of 4 ToRs under them, every ToR of group N joined to leaf N of every chassis","Any two ToRs are 4 hops apart, or 2 within a group, over equal cost paths","Every router peers over the /31 of each link and redistributes its loopback only","AS 65000 for the spines, 6510N for the leaves joined to group N, and one from 65201 up for every ToR","A route never comes back into a tier it left, its AS path already holding the AS of that 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pod Clos (L)","tags":["datacenter","clos","single-area","level-2","ecmp","flood-reduction","ipv4","ipv6"],"help":["84 routers in a three-tier Clos, running IS-IS.","4 super spines over 4 pods, each of 4 spines and 16 leaves","Every leaf is joined to every spine of its pod, and every spine to every super spine","Any two leaves are 2 hops apart within a pod and 4 across pods, over equal cost paths","Every router is level 2 in area 49.0000 and advertises its loopback","Point to point links, each a /31 and a /64","Flooding reduction by the modified MANET algorithm: an LSP is reflooded only over the links neighbors can't 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pod Clos (M)","tags":["datacenter","clos","single-area","level-2","ecmp","flood-reduction","ipv4","ipv6"],"help":["38 routers in a three-tier Clos, running IS-IS.","2 super spines over 3 pods, each of 4 spines and 8 leaves","Every leaf is joined to every spine of its pod, and every spine to every super spine","Any two leaves are 2 hops apart within a pod and 4 across pods, over equal cost paths","Every router is level 2 in area 49.0000 and advertises its loopback","Point to point links, each a /31 and a /64","Flooding reduction by the modified MANET algorithm: an LSP is reflooded only over the links neighbors can't cover"],"diagram":{"lf1-1":[0.0,4.0],"lf1-2":[0.35,4.7],"lf1-3":[0.7,4.0],"lf1-4":[1.05,4.7],"lf1-5":[1.4,4.0],"lf1-6":[1.75,4.7],"lf1-7":[2.1,4.0],"lf1-8":[2.45,4.7],"sp1-1":[0.175,2],"sp1-2":[0.875,2],"sp1-3":[1.575,2],"sp1-4":[2.275,2],"lf2-1":[3.1,4.0],"lf2-2":[3.45,4.7],"lf2-3":[3.8,4.0],"lf2-4":[4.15,4.7],"lf2-5":[4.5,4.0],"lf2-6":[4.85,4.7],"lf2-7":[5.2,4.0],"lf2-8":[5.55,4.7],"sp2-1":[3.275,2],"sp2-2":[3.975,2],"sp2-3":[4.675,2],"sp2-4":[5.375,2],"lf3-1":[6.2,4.0],"lf3-2":[6.55,4.7],"lf3-3":[6.9,4.0],"lf3-4":[7.25,4.7],"lf3-5":[7.6,4.0],"lf3-6":[7.95,4.7],"lf3-7":[8.3,4.0],"lf3-8":[8.65,4.7],"sp3-1":[6.375,2],"sp3-2":[7.075,2],"sp3-3":[7.775,2],"sp3-4":[8.475,2],"ss1":[2.325,0],"ss2":[6.325,0]},"nodes":["ss1","ss2","sp1-1","sp1-2","sp1-3","sp1-4","sp2-1","sp2-2","sp2-3","sp2-4","sp3-1","sp3-2","sp3-3","sp3-4","lf1-1","lf1-2","lf1-3","lf1-4","lf1-5","lf1-6","lf1-7","lf1-8","lf2-1","lf2-2","lf2-3","lf2-4","lf2-5","lf2-6","lf2-7","lf2-8","lf3-1","lf3-2","lf3-3","lf3-4","lf3-5","lf3-6","lf3-7","lf3-8"],"links":[["ss1","sp1-1"],["ss2","sp1-1"],["ss1","sp1-2"],["ss2","sp1-2"],["ss1","sp1-3"],["ss2","sp1-3"],["ss1","sp1-4"],["ss2","sp1-4"],["ss1","sp2-1"],["ss2","sp2-1"],["ss1","sp2-2"],["ss2","sp2-2"],["ss1","sp2-3"],["ss2","sp2-3"],["ss1","sp2-4"],["ss2","sp2-4"],["ss1","sp3-1"],["ss2","sp3-1"],["ss1","sp3-2"],["ss2","sp3-2"],["ss1","sp3-3"],["ss2","sp3-3"],["ss1","sp3-4"],["ss2","sp3-4"],["sp1-1","lf1-1"],["sp1-1","lf1-2"],["sp1-1","lf1-3"],["sp1-1","lf1-4"],["sp1-1","lf1-5"],["sp1-1","lf1-6"],["sp1-1","lf1-7"],["sp1-1","lf1-8"],["sp1-2","lf1-1"],["sp1-2","lf1-2"],["sp1-2","lf1-3"],["sp1-2","lf1-4"],["sp1-2","lf1-5"],["sp1-2","lf1-6"],["sp1-2","lf1-7"],["sp1-2","lf1-8"],["sp1-3","lf1-1"],["sp1-3","lf1-2"],["sp1-3","lf1-3"],["sp1-3","lf1-4"],["sp1-3","lf1-5"],["sp1-3","lf1-6"],["sp1-3","lf1-7"],["sp1-3","lf1-8"],["sp1-4","lf1-1"],["sp1-4","lf1-2"],["sp1-4","lf1-3"],["sp1-4","lf1-4"],["sp1-4","lf1-5"],["sp1-4","lf1-6"],["sp1-4","lf1-7"],["sp1-4","lf1-8"],["sp2-1","lf2-1"],["sp2-1","lf2-2"],["sp2-1","lf2-3"],["sp2-1","lf2-4"],["sp2-1","lf2-5"],["sp2-1","lf2-6"],["sp2-1","lf2-7"],["sp2-1","lf2-8"],["sp2-2","lf2-1"],["sp2-2","lf2-2"],["sp2-2","lf2-3"],["sp2-2","lf2-4"],["sp2-2","lf2-5"],["sp2-2","lf2-6"],["sp2-2","lf2-7"],["sp2-2","lf2-8"],["sp2-3","lf2-1"],["sp2-3","lf2-2"],["sp2-3","lf2-3"],["sp2-3","lf2-4"],["sp2-3","lf2-5"],["sp2-3","lf2-6"],["sp2-3","lf2-7"],["sp2-3","lf2-8"],["sp2-4","lf2-1"],["sp2-4","lf2-2"],["sp2-4","lf2-3"],["sp2-4","lf2-4"],["sp2-4","lf2-5"],["sp2-4","lf2-6"],["sp2-4","lf2-7"],["sp2-4","lf2-8"],["sp3-1","lf3-1"],["sp3-1","lf3-2"],["sp3-1","lf3-3"],["sp3-1","lf3-4"],["sp3-1","lf3-5"],["sp3-1","lf3-6"],["sp3-1","lf3-7"],["sp3-1","lf3-8"],["sp3-2","lf3-1"],["sp3-2","lf3-2"],["sp3-2","lf3-3"],["sp3-2","lf3-4"],["sp3-2","lf3-5"],["sp3-2","lf3-6"],["sp3-2","lf3-7"],["sp3-2","lf3-8"],["sp3-3","lf3-1"],["sp3-3","lf3-2"],["sp3-3","lf3-3"],["sp3-3","lf3-4"],["sp3-3","lf3-5"],["sp3-3","lf3-6"],["sp3-3","lf3-7"],["sp3-3","lf3-8"],["sp3-4","lf3-1"],["sp3-4","lf3-2"],["sp3-4","lf3-3"],["sp3-4","lf3-4"],["sp3-4","lf3-5"],["sp3-4","lf3-6"],["sp3-4","lf3-7"],["sp3-4","lf3-8"]]},"isis-core-medium-multi":{"protocol":"IS-IS","topology":1,"variation":2,"title":"Provider 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prefix SID for every loopback, indexed by the number of its router (plus 100 for IPv6), its label 16000 plus its index in an SRGB of 16000 to 23999","A router at level 2 has a label for every loopback, a PE for those of its own POP alone","Every PDU is authenticated by HMAC-SHA-256 (RFC 5310), with the one key of the key chain `core` every router holds: change a router's key, and its neighbors drop 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loopback","Every PDU is authenticated by HMAC-MD5 (RFC 5304), with the one key of the key chain `core` every router holds: change a router's key, and its neighbors drop it"],"diagram":{"p1":[0.0,2.4],"p5":[0.0,3.8],"p2":[3.0,2.4],"p6":[3.0,3.8],"p3":[6.0,2.4],"p7":[6.0,3.8],"p4":[9.0,2.4],"p8":[9.0,3.8],"ag1":[1.15,1.2],"ag2":[1.85,1.2],"pe1":[1.15,0.0],"pe2":[1.85,0.0],"pe3":[0.45,0.0],"pe4":[2.55,0.0],"ag3":[4.15,1.2],"ag4":[4.85,1.2],"pe5":[4.15,0.0],"pe6":[4.85,0.0],"pe7":[3.45,0.0],"pe8":[5.55,0.0],"ag5":[7.15,1.2],"ag6":[7.85,1.2],"pe9":[7.15,0.0],"pe10":[7.85,0.0],"pe11":[6.45,0.0],"pe12":[8.55,0.0],"ag7":[1.15,5.0],"ag8":[1.85,5.0],"pe13":[1.15,6.199999999999999],"pe14":[1.85,6.199999999999999],"pe15":[0.45,6.199999999999999],"pe16":[2.55,6.199999999999999],"ag9":[4.15,5.0],"ag10":[4.85,5.0],"pe17":[4.15,6.199999999999999],"pe18":[4.85,6.199999999999999],"pe19":[3.45,6.199999999999999],"pe20":[5.55,6.199999999999999],"ag11":[7.15,5.0],"ag12":[7.85,5.0],"pe21":[7.15,6.199999999999999],"pe22":[7.85,6.199999999999999],"pe23":[6.45,6.199999999999999],"pe24":[8.55,6.199999999999999]},"nodes":["p1","p2","p3","p4","p5","p6","p7","p8","ag1","ag2","pe1","pe2","pe3","pe4","ag3","ag4","pe5","pe6","pe7","pe8","ag5","ag6","pe9","pe10","pe11","pe12","ag7","ag8","pe13","pe14","pe15","pe16","ag9","ag10","pe17","pe18","pe19","pe20","ag11","ag12","pe21","pe22","pe23","pe24"],"links":[["p1","p2"],["p2","p3"],["p3","p4"],["p5","p6"],["p6","p7"],["p7","p8"],["p1","p5"],["p2","p6"],["p3","p7"],["p4","p8"],["p2","p3"],["p6","p7"],["ag1","p1"],["ag2","p2"],["ag1","ag2"],["ag1","ag2"],["ag1","ag2","pe1","pe2"],["pe3","ag1"],["pe3","ag2"],["pe4","ag1"],["pe4","ag2"],["ag3","p2"],["ag4","p3"],["ag3","ag4"],["ag3","ag4"],["ag3","ag4","pe5","pe6"],["pe7","ag3"],["pe7","ag4"],["pe8","ag3"],["pe8","ag4"],["ag5","p3"],["ag6","p4"],["ag5","ag6"],["ag5","ag6"],["ag5","ag6","pe9","pe10"],["pe11","ag5"],["pe11","ag6"],["pe12","ag5"],["pe12","ag6"],["ag7","p5"],["ag8","p6"],["ag7","ag8"],["ag7","ag8"],["ag7","ag8","pe13","pe14"],["pe15","ag7"],["pe15","ag8"],["pe16","ag7"],["pe16","ag8"],["ag9","p6"],["ag10","p7"],["ag9","ag10"],["ag9","ag10"],["ag9","ag10","pe17","pe18"],["pe19","ag9"],["pe19","ag10"],["pe20","ag9"],["pe20","ag10"],["ag11","p7"],["ag12","p8"],["ag11","ag12"],["ag11","ag12"],["ag11","ag12","pe21","pe22"],["pe23","ag11"],["pe23","ag12"],["pe24","ag11"],["pe24","ag12"]]},"isis-dragonfly":{"protocol":"IS-IS","topology":10,"variation":1,"title":"Dragonfly+","tags":["hpc","dragonfly","single-area","level-2","ecmp","flood-reduction","ipv4","ipv6"],"help":["90 routers in a Dragonfly+, as in supercomputers and AI clusters, running IS-IS.","9 groups in a ring, each a two-tier Clos of 4 spines and 6 leaves","Every spine has 2 global links to other groups, one between every two groups","Any two leaves are 2 hops apart within a group, over 4 paths, and 3 across groups, over the one global link between them","Take a global link down: its two groups detour through one or two others, 4 or 5 hops rather than 3","Every router is level 2 in area 49.0000 and advertises its loopback","Point to point links, each a /31 and a /64","Flooding reduction by the modified MANET algorithm of draft-ietf-lsr-distoptflood, made for dense topologies like this 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routers in a grid of 10 rows and 10 columns, running IS-IS.","Every router is joined to the ones next to it in its row and its column, 180 links in all","Routers far apart have many equal cost paths between them","Every router is level 2 in area 49.0000, over IPv4 and IPv6, and advertises its loopback","Take a link in the middle down: the paths across it spread over the ones around it"],"diagram":{"r1-1":[0.0,0.0],"r1-2":[0.7,0.0],"r1-3":[1.4,0.0],"r1-4":[2.1,0.0],"r1-5":[2.8,0.0],"r1-6":[3.5,0.0],"r1-7":[4.2,0.0],"r1-8":[4.9,0.0],"r1-9":[5.6,0.0],"r1-10":[6.3,0.0],"r2-1":[0.0,0.75],"r2-2":[0.7,0.75],"r2-3":[1.4,0.75],"r2-4":[2.1,0.75],"r2-5":[2.8,0.75],"r2-6":[3.5,0.75],"r2-7":[4.2,0.75],"r2-8":[4.9,0.75],"r2-9":[5.6,0.75],"r2-10":[6.3,0.75],"r3-1":[0.0,1.5],"r3-2":[0.7,1.5],"r3-3":[1.4,1.5],"r3-4":[2.1,1.5],"r3-5":[2.8,1.5],"r3-6":[3.5,1.5],"r3-7":[4.2,1.5],"r3-8":[4.9,1.5],"r3-9":[5.6,1.5],"r3-10":[6.3,1.5],"r4-1":[0.0,2.25],"r4-2":[0.7,2.25],"r4-3":[1.4,2.25],"r4-4":[2.1,2.25],"r4-5":[2.8,2.25],"r4-6":[3.5,2.25],"r4-7":[4.2,2.25],"r4-8":[4.9,2.25],"r4-9":[5.6,2.25],"r4-10":[6.3,2.25],"r5-1":[0.0,3.0],"r5-2":[0.7,3.0],"r5-3":[1.4,3.0],"r5-4":[2.1,3.0],"r5-5":[2.8,3.0],"r5-6":[3.5,3.0],"r5-7":[4.2,3.0],"r5-8":[4.9,3.0],"r5-9":[5.6,3.0],"r5-10":[6.3,3.0],"r6-1":[0.0,3.75],"r6-2":[0.7,3.75],"r6-3":[1.4,3.75],"r6-4":[2.1,3.75],"r6-5":[2.8,3.75],"r6-6":[3.5,3.75],"r6-7":[4.2,3.75],"r6-8":[4.9,3.75],"r6-9":[5.6,3.75],"r6-10":[6.3,3.75],"r7-1":[0.0,4.5],"r7-2":[0.7,4.5],"r7-3":[1.4,4.5],"r7-4":[2.1,4.5],"r7-5":[2.8,4.5],"r7-6":[3.5,4.5],"r7-7":[4.2,4.5],"r7-8":[4.9,4.5],"r7-9":[5.6,4.5],"r7-10":[6.3,4.5],"r8-1":[0.0,5.25],"r8-2":[0.7,5.25],"r8-3":[1.4,5.25],"r8-4":[2.1,5.25],"r8-5":[2.8,5.25],"r8-6":[3.5,5.25],"r8-7":[4.2,5.25],"r8-8":[4.9,5.25],"r8-9":[5.6,5.25],"r8-10":[6.3,5.25],"r9-1":[0.0,6.0],"r9-2":[0.7,6.0],"r9-3":[1.4,6.0],"r9-4":[2.1,6.0],"r9-5":[2.8,6.0],"r9-6":[3.5,6.0],"r9-7":[4.2,6.0],"r9-8":[4.9,6.0],"r9-9":[5.6,6.0],"r9-10":[6.3,6.0],"r10-1":[0.0,6.75],"r10-2":[0.7,6.75],"r10-3":[1.4,6.75],"r10-4":[2.1,6.75],"r10-5":[2.8,6.75],"r10-6":[3.5,6.75],"r10-7":[4.2,6.75],"r10-8":[4.9,6.75],"r10-9":[5.6,6.75],"r10-10":[6.3,6.75]},"nodes":["r1-1","r1-2","r1-3","r1-4","r1-5","r1-6","r1-7","r1-8","r1-9","r1-10","r2-1","r2-2","r2-3","r2-4","r2-5","r2-6","r2-7","r2-8","r2-9","r2-10","r3-1","r3-2","r3-3","r3-4","r3-5","r3-6","r3-7","r3-8","r3-9","r3-10","r4-1","r4-2","r4-3","r4-4","r4-5","r4-6","r4-7","r4-8","r4-9","r4-10","r5-1","r5-2","r5-3","r5-4","r5-5","r5-6","r5-7","r5-8","r5-9","r5-10","r6-1","r6-2","r6-3","r6-4","r6-5","r6-6","r6-7","r6-8","r6-9","r6-10","r7-1","r7-2","r7-3","r7-4","r7-5","r7-6","r7-7","r7-8","r7-9","r7-10","r8-1","r8-2","r8-3","r8-4","r8-5","r8-6","r8-7","r8-8","r8-9","r8-10","r9-1","r9-2","r9-3","r9-4","r9-5","r9-6","r9-7","r9-8","r9-9","r9-10","r10-1","r10-2","r10-3","r10-4","r10-5","r10-6","r10-7","r10-8","r10-9","r10-10"],"links":[["r1-1","r1-2"],["r1-2","r1-3"],["r1-3","r1-4"],["r1-4","r1-5"],["r1-5","r1-6"],["r1-6","r1-7"],["r1-7","r1-8"],["r1-8","r1-9"],["r1-9","r1-10"],["r2-1","r2-2"],["r2-2","r2-3"],["r2-3","r2-4"],["r2-4","r2-5"],["r2-5","r2-6"],["r2-6","r2-7"],["r2-7","r2-8"],["r2-8","r2-9"],["r2-9","r2-10"],["r3-1","r3-2"],["r3-2","r3-3"],["r3-3","r3-4"],["r3-4","r3-5"],["r3-5","r3-6"],["r3-6","r3-7"],["r3-7","r3-8"],["r3-8","r3-9"],["r3-9","r3-10"],["r4-1","r4-2"],["r4-2","r4-3"],["r4-3","r4-4"],["r4-4","r4-5"],["r4-5","r4-6"],["r4-6","r4-7"],["r4-7","r4-8"],["r4-8","r4-9"],["r4-9","r4-10"],["r5-1","r5-2"],["r5-2","r5-3"],["r5-3","r5-4"],["r5-4","r5-5"],["r5-5","r5-6"],["r5-6","r5-7"],["r5-7","r5-8"],["r5-8","r5-9"],["r5-9","r5-10"],["r6-1","r6-2"],["r6-2","r6-3"],["r6-3","r6-4"],["r6-4","r6-5"],["r6-5","r6-6"],["r6-6","r6-7"],["r6-7","r6-8"],["r6-8","r6-9"],["r6-9","r6-10"],["r7-1","r7-2"],["r7-2","r7-3"],["r7-3","r7-4"],["r7-4","r7-5"],["r7-5","r7-6"],["r7-6","r7-7"],["r7-7","r7-8"],["r7-8","r7-9"],["r7-9","r7-10"],["r8-1","r8-2"],["r8-2","r8-3"],["r8-3","r8-4"],["r8-4","r8-5"],["r8-5","r8-6"],["r8-6","r8-7"],["r8-7","r8-8"],["r8-8","r8-9"],["r8-9","r8-10"],["r9-1","r9-2"],["r9-2","r9-3"],["r9-3","r9-4"],["r9-4","r9-5"],["r9-5","r9-6"],["r9-6","r9-7"],["r9-7","r9-8"],["r9-8","r9-9"],["r9-9","r9-10"],["r10-1","r10-2"],["r10-2","r10-3"],["r10-3","r10-4"],["r10-4","r10-5"],["r10-5","r10-6"],["r10-6","r10-7"],["r10-7","r10-8"],["r10-8","r10-9"],["r10-9","r10-10"],["r1-1","r2-1"],["r1-2","r2-2"],["r1-3","r2-3"],["r1-4","r2-4"],["r1-5","r2-5"],["r1-6","r2-6"],["r1-7","r2-7"],["r1-8","r2-8"],["r1-9","r2-9"],["r1-10","r2-10"],["r2-1","r3-1"],["r2-2","r3-2"],["r2-3","r3-3"],["r2-4","r3-4"],["r2-5","r3-5"],["r2-6","r3-6"],["r2-7","r3-7"],["r2-8","r3-8"],["r2-9","r3-9"],["r2-10","r3-10"],["r3-1","r4-1"],["r3-2","r4-2"],["r3-3","r4-3"],["r3-4","r4-4"],["r3-5","r4-5"],["r3-6","r4-6"],["r3-7","r4-7"],["r3-8","r4-8"],["r3-9","r4-9"],["r3-10","r4-10"],["r4-1","r5-1"],["r4-2","r5-2"],["r4-3","r5-3"],["r4-4","r5-4"],["r4-5","r5-5"],["r4-6","r5-6"],["r4-7","r5-7"],["r4-8","r5-8"],["r4-9","r5-9"],["r4-10","r5-10"],["r5-1","r6-1"],["r5-2","r6-2"],["r5-3","r6-3"],["r5-4","r6-4"],["r5-5","r6-5"],["r5-6","r6-6"],["r5-7","r6-7"],["r5-8","r6-8"],["r5-9","r6-9"],["r5-10","r6-10"],["r6-1","r7-1"],["r6-2","r7-2"],["r6-3","r7-3"],["r6-4","r7-4"],["r6-5","r7-5"],["r6-6","r7-6"],["r6-7","r7-7"],["r6-8","r7-8"],["r6-9","r7-9"],["r6-10","r7-10"],["r7-1","r8-1"],["r7-2","r8-2"],["r7-3","r8-3"],["r7-4","r8-4"],["r7-5","r8-5"],["r7-6","r8-6"],["r7-7","r8-7"],["r7-8","r8-8"],["r7-9","r8-9"],["r7-10","r8-10"],["r8-1","r9-1"],["r8-2","r9-2"],["r8-3","r9-3"],["r8-4","r9-4"],["r8-5","r9-5"],["r8-6","r9-6"],["r8-7","r9-7"],["r8-8","r9-8"],["r8-9","r9-9"],["r8-10","r9-10"],["r9-1","r10-1"],["r9-2","r10-2"],["r9-3","r10-3"],["r9-4","r10-4"],["r9-5","r10-5"],["r9-6","r10-6"],["r9-7","r10-7"],["r9-8","r10-8"],["r9-9","r10-9"],["r9-10","r10-10"]]},"isis-metro-rings":{"protocol":"IS-IS","topology":11,"variation":1,"title":"Metro rings","tags":["service-provider","ring","multi-area","level-1-2","summarization","attached-bit","passive-interface","ipv4","ipv6"],"help":["48 routers of a service provider, running IS-IS in two levels over IPv4 and IPv6, its metros summarized into the core.","The core: 8 P routers in a ladder, level 2, in area 49.0000","6 metro rings, each an area of its own, 49.0001 to 49.0006: 2 aggregation routers at both levels, and 4 PEs at level 1, 6 in the middle metros","Every PE has a LAN of customers, advertised and passive","Metro N is numbered from 10.N.0.0/16 and 2001:db8:N::/48, the core from 10.0.0.0/16 and 2001:db8::/48","Metros 1 to 5 are summarized into level 2, and blackholed by their aggregation routers; the summaries of metro 6 are left for you to configure","`show isis route` on a P router: those summaries, the addresses of the aggregation routers, which holo advertises as they are, and every prefix of metro 6","A PE knows its own metro alone, and reaches the rest by the default route of the attached bit","The core enters a metro through the nearer aggregation router, even for the PEs nearer the other","Metro 2 is entered through ag2-1 alone, at a metric of 10; ag2-2, at 100, takes over once ag2-1 is gone","Take a link between two PEs down and the core doesn't notice; split the ring at the aggregation routers too, and each drops what the core sends it for the half it can't 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ring","tags":["ring","multi-topology","single-area","level-2","ipv4","ipv6"],"help":["38 routers in two concentric rings of 19, running IS-IS with IPv4 and IPv6 in topologies of their own, over no link in common.","Standard topology, for IPv4: the two rings and a rung between every outer router and the inner one beside it, 57 links, drawn solid","IPv6 unicast topology, MT-ID 2: the 38 links crossing between the rings, a pair between every two rungs, drawn dashed and dotted","The crossing links make one cycle, which goes around twice before it closes, as each ring has an odd number of routers","Every router is level 2 in area 49.0000, and every loopback in both topologies","The ends of a rung are 1 hop apart over IPv4, and 19 over IPv6, halfway around the cycle both ways","Take a rung down and only IPv4 goes around it; take a crossing link down and only IPv6 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virtual chassis Clos (M)","tags":["datacenter","clos","single-area","level-2","ecmp","flood-reduction","ipv4","ipv6"],"help":["48 routers in a three-tier Clos built of virtual chassis, running IS-IS.","4 chassis, each a two-tier Clos of 4 spines and 4 leaves, every leaf joined to every spine","4 groups of 4 ToRs under them, every ToR of group N joined to leaf N of every chassis","Any two ToRs are 4 hops apart, or 2 within a group, over equal cost paths","Every router is level 2 in area 49.0000 and advertises its loopback","Point to point links, each a /31 and a /64","Flooding reduction by the modified MANET algorithm: an LSP is reflooded only over the links neighbors can't cover"],"diagram":{"lf1-1":[0.0,2],"lf1-2":[0.7,2],"lf1-3":[1.4,2],"lf1-4":[2.1,2],"sp1-1":[0.0,0],"sp1-2":[0.7,0],"sp1-3":[1.4,0],"sp1-4":[2.1,0],"lf2-1":[2.75,2],"lf2-2":[3.45,2],"lf2-3":[4.15,2],"lf2-4":[4.85,2],"sp2-1":[2.75,0],"sp2-2":[3.45,0],"sp2-3":[4.15,0],"sp2-4":[4.85,0],"lf3-1":[5.5,2],"lf3-2":[6.2,2],"lf3-3":[6.9,2],"lf3-4":[7.6,2],"sp3-1":[5.5,0],"sp3-2":[6.2,0],"sp3-3":[6.9,0],"sp3-4":[7.6,0],"lf4-1":[8.25,2],"lf4-2":[8.95,2],"lf4-3":[9.65,2],"lf4-4":[10.35,2],"sp4-1":[8.25,0],"sp4-2":[8.95,0],"sp4-3":[9.65,0],"sp4-4":[10.35,0],"tor1-1":[0.0,4],"tor1-2":[0.69,4],"tor1-3":[1.38,4],"tor1-4":[2.07,4],"tor2-1":[2.76,4],"tor2-2":[3.45,4],"tor2-3":[4.14,4],"tor2-4":[4.83,4],"tor3-1":[5.52,4],"tor3-2":[6.21,4],"tor3-3":[6.9,4],"tor3-4":[7.59,4],"tor4-1":[8.28,4],"tor4-2":[8.97,4],"tor4-3":[9.66,4],"tor4-4":[10.35,4]},"nodes":["sp1-1","sp1-2","sp1-3","sp1-4","sp2-1","sp2-2","sp2-3","sp2-4","sp3-1","sp3-2","sp3-3","sp3-4","sp4-1","sp4-2","sp4-3","sp4-4","lf1-1","lf1-2","lf1-3","lf1-4","lf2-1","lf2-2","lf2-3","lf2-4","lf3-1","lf3-2","lf3-3","lf3-4","lf4-1","lf4-2","lf4-3","lf4-4","tor1-1","tor1-2","tor1-3","tor1-4","tor2-1","tor2-2","tor2-3","tor2-4","tor3-1","tor3-2","tor3-3","tor3-4","tor4-1","tor4-2","tor4-3","tor4-4"],"links":[["sp1-1","lf1-1"],["sp1-2","lf1-1"],["sp1-3","lf1-1"],["sp1-4","lf1-1"],["sp1-1","lf1-2"],["sp1-2","lf1-2"],["sp1-3","lf1-2"],["sp1-4","lf1-2"],["sp1-1","lf1-3"],["sp1-2","lf1-3"],["sp1-3","lf1-3"],["sp1-4","lf1-3"],["sp1-1","lf1-4"],["sp1-2","lf1-4"],["sp1-3","lf1-4"],["sp1-4","lf1-4"],["sp2-1","lf2-1"],["sp2-2","lf2-1"],["sp2-3","lf2-1"],["sp2-4","lf2-1"],["sp2-1","lf2-2"],["sp2-2","lf2-2"],["sp2-3","lf2-2"],["sp2-4","lf2-2"],["sp2-1","lf2-3"],["sp2-2","lf2-3"],["sp2-3","lf2-3"],["sp2-4","lf2-3"],["sp2-1","lf2-4"],["sp2-2","lf2-4"],["sp2-3","lf2-4"],["sp2-4","lf2-4"],["sp3-1","lf3-1"],["sp3-2","lf3-1"],["sp3-3","lf3-1"],["sp3-4","lf3-1"],["sp3-1","lf3-2"],["sp3-2","lf3-2"],["sp3-3","lf3-2"],["sp3-4","lf3-2"],["sp3-1","lf3-3"],["sp3-2","lf3-3"],["sp3-3","lf3-3"],["sp3-4","lf3-3"],["sp3-1","lf3-4"],["sp3-2","lf3-4"],["sp3-3","lf3-4"],["sp3-4","lf3-4"],["sp4-1","lf4-1"],["sp4-2","lf4-1"],["sp4-3","lf4-1"],["sp4-4","lf4-1"],["sp4-1","lf4-2"],["sp4-2","lf4-2"],["sp4-3","lf4-2"],["sp4-4","lf4-2"],["sp4-1","lf4-3"],["sp4-2","lf4-3"],["sp4-3","lf4-3"],["sp4-4","lf4-3"],["sp4-1","lf4-4"],["sp4-2","lf4-4"],["sp4-3","lf4-4"],["sp4-4","lf4-4"],["lf1-1","tor1-1"],["lf2-1","tor1-1"],["lf3-1","tor1-1"],["lf4-1","tor1-1"],["lf1-1","tor1-2"],["lf2-1","tor1-2"],["lf3-1","tor1-2"],["lf4-1","tor1-2"],["lf1-1","tor1-3"],["lf2-1","tor1-3"],["lf3-1","tor1-3"],["lf4-1","tor1-3"],["lf1-1","tor1-4"],["lf2-1","tor1-4"],["lf3-1","tor1-4"],["lf4-1","tor1-4"],["lf1-2","tor2-1"],["lf2-2","tor2-1"],["lf3-2","tor2-1"],["lf4-2","tor2-1"],["lf1-2","tor2-2"],["lf2-2","tor2-2"],["lf3-2","tor2-2"],["lf4-2","tor2-2"],["lf1-2","tor2-3"],["lf2-2","tor2-3"],["lf3-2","tor2-3"],["lf4-2","tor2-3"],["lf1-2","tor2-4"],["lf2-2","tor2-4"],["lf3-2","tor2-4"],["lf4-2","tor2-4"],["lf1-3","tor3-1"],["lf2-3","tor3-1"],["lf3-3","tor3-1"],["lf4-3","tor3-1"],["lf1-3","tor3-2"],["lf2-3","tor3-2"],["lf3-3","tor3-2"],["lf4-3","tor3-2"],["lf1-3","tor3-3"],["lf2-3","tor3-3"],["lf3-3","tor3-3"],["lf4-3","tor3-3"],["lf1-3","tor3-4"],["lf2-3","tor3-4"],["lf3-3","tor3-4"],["lf4-3","tor3-4"],["lf1-4","tor4-1"],["lf2-4","tor4-1"],["lf3-4","tor4-1"],["lf4-4","tor4-1"],["lf1-4","tor4-2"],["lf2-4","tor4-2"],["lf3-4","tor4-2"],["lf4-4","tor4-2"],["lf1-4","tor4-3"],["lf2-4","tor4-3"],["lf3-4","tor4-3"],["lf4-4","tor4-3"],["lf1-4","tor4-4"],["lf2-4","tor4-4"],["lf3-4","tor4-4"],["lf4-4","tor4-4"]]},"ldp-core-medium":{"protocol":"LDP","topology":2,"variation":1,"title":"Provider core (M)","tags":["service-provider","multi-area","broadcast","parallel-links","ecmp","ipv4","ospfv2"],"help":["44 routers of a service provider, running LDP over OSPFv2 in seven areas.","8 P routers in a ladder of two rows of four, the middle span of each row a bundle of two links","6 POPs, each homed to two neighboring P routers through a pair of aggregation routers, which a bundle joins","4 PEs in a POP: two on a LAN with both aggregation routers, two with a link to each","Every POP is an area of its own, its aggregation routers the ABRs","A session with each neighbor: one over both links of a bundle, one with each router on a LAN","Every loopback is labeled, so PEs reach each other along LSPs across three areas, split over the equal ones","Every label received is kept, used or not, so a failure moves those paths onto labels already there","`show ldp binding` on a PE (`show mpls ldp binding` in the IOS XR style): the labels it holds, and which are in use"],"diagram":{"p1":[0.0,2.4],"p5":[0.0,3.8],"p2":[3.0,2.4],"p6":[3.0,3.8],"p3":[6.0,2.4],"p7":[6.0,3.8],"p4":[9.0,2.4],"p8":[9.0,3.8],"ag1":[1.15,1.2],"ag2":[1.85,1.2],"pe1":[1.15,0.0],"pe2":[1.85,0.0],"pe3":[0.45,0.0],"pe4":[2.55,0.0],"ag3":[4.15,1.2],"ag4":[4.85,1.2],"pe5":[4.15,0.0],"pe6":[4.85,0.0],"pe7":[3.45,0.0],"pe8":[5.55,0.0],"ag5":[7.15,1.2],"ag6":[7.85,1.2],"pe9":[7.15,0.0],"pe10":[7.85,0.0],"pe11":[6.45,0.0],"pe12":[8.55,0.0],"ag7":[1.15,5.0],"ag8":[1.85,5.0],"pe13":[1.15,6.199999999999999],"pe14":[1.85,6.199999999999999],"pe15":[0.45,6.199999999999999],"pe16":[2.55,6.199999999999999],"ag9":[4.15,5.0],"ag10":[4.85,5.0],"pe17":[4.15,6.199999999999999],"pe18":[4.85,6.199999999999999],"pe19":[3.45,6.199999999999999],"pe20":[5.55,6.199999999999999],"ag11":[7.15,5.0],"ag12":[7.85,5.0],"pe21":[7.15,6.199999999999999],"pe22":[7.85,6.199999999999999],"pe23":[6.45,6.199999999999999],"pe24":[8.55,6.199999999999999]},"nodes":["p1","p2","p3","p4","p5","p6","p7","p8","ag1","ag2","pe1","pe2","pe3","pe4","ag3","ag4","pe5","pe6","pe7","pe8","ag5","ag6","pe9","pe10","pe11","pe12","ag7","ag8","pe13","pe14","pe15","pe16","ag9","ag10","pe17","pe18","pe19","pe20","ag11","ag12","pe21","pe22","pe23","pe24"],"links":[["p1","p2"],["p2","p3"],["p3","p4"],["p5","p6"],["p6","p7"],["p7","p8"],["p1","p5"],["p2","p6"],["p3","p7"],["p4","p8"],["p2","p3"],["p6","p7"],["ag1","p1"],["ag2","p2"],["ag1","ag2"],["ag1","ag2"],["ag1","ag2","pe1","pe2"],["pe3","ag1"],["pe3","ag2"],["pe4","ag1"],["pe4","ag2"],["ag3","p2"],["ag4","p3"],["ag3","ag4"],["ag3","ag4"],["ag3","ag4","pe5","pe6"],["pe7","ag3"],["pe7","ag4"],["pe8","ag3"],["pe8","ag4"],["ag5","p3"],["ag6","p4"],["ag5","ag6"],["ag5","ag6"],["ag5","ag6","pe9","pe10"],["pe11","ag5"],["pe11","ag6"],["pe12","ag5"],["pe12","ag6"],["ag7","p5"],["ag8","p6"],["ag7","ag8"],["ag7","ag8"],["ag7","ag8","pe13","pe14"],["pe15","ag7"],["pe15","ag8"],["pe16","ag7"],["pe16","ag8"],["ag9","p6"],["ag10","p7"],["ag9","ag10"],["ag9","ag10"],["ag9","ag10","pe17","pe18"],["pe19","ag9"],["pe19","ag10"],["pe20","ag9"],["pe20","ag10"],["ag11","p7"],["ag12","p8"],["ag11","ag12"],["ag11","ag12"],["ag11","ag12","pe21","pe22"],["pe23","ag11"],["pe23","ag12"],["pe24","ag11"],["pe24","ag12"]]},"ldp-core-small":{"protocol":"LDP","topology":1,"variation":1,"title":"Provider core (S)","tags":["service-provider","targeted","hello-accept","ecmp","ipv4","isis"],"help":["8 routers of a service provider, running LDP over IS-IS.","4 P routers in a square, and 4 PEs each homed to two of them","Every PE reaches every other over 2 equal paths, with 2 labels","Every router has a session with each neighbor it has a link to","Targeted sessions between the PEs, as a pseudowire rides on: pe1 and pe2 target pe3 and pe4, which accept targeted hellos from anyone, and pe3 and pe4 target each other","Take a core link down: the targeted sessions stay up while the paths under them move","On a PE, `show ldp neighbor` lists both kinds of session, `show ldp discovery` their adjacencies and `show ldp binding` the labels of every loopback (`show mpls ldp` in the IOS XR style)"],"diagram":{"pe1":[0,0],"pe2":[0,2],"p1":[1.25,0],"p3":[1.25,2],"p2":[2.75,0],"p4":[2.75,2],"pe3":[4,0],"pe4":[4,2]},"nodes":["pe1","pe2","p1","p2","p3","p4","pe3","pe4"],"links":[["p1","p2"],["p3","p4"],["p1","p3"],["p2","p4"],["pe1","p1"],["pe1","p3"],["pe2","p1"],["pe2","p3"],["pe3","p2"],["pe3","p4"],["pe4","p2"],["pe4","p4"]]},"ospfv2-campus":{"protocol":"OSPFv2","topology":11,"variation":1,"title":"Campus","tags":["enterprise","multi-area","summarization","stub-area","broadcast","passive-interface","ipv4"],"help":["26 routers of a university campus, running OSPFv2 in five areas, each summarized into the others.","The backbone, area 0, is a ring of 4 core routers","An area on each side, numbered clockwise from the top, behind a pair of ABRs: the data center, 2 spines over 4 leaves; science and administration, 3 buildings on a LAN each; and the medical school, 4 buildings","Area A is numbered from 10.A.0.0/16 for its loopbacks and its passive LANs of users and servers, and from 172.16.A.0/24 for its links","The ABRs advertise the first range and not the second, keeping the links of an area out of the others, and summarize the backbone the same way","Science is a stub area, and administration a totally stub one, whose ABRs send nothing into it but a default route","The medical school is entered through med-d1 alone, at a cost of 10; med-d2, at 100, takes over once med-d1 is gone","Every ABR holds a discard route for each range it advertises, as holo installs none of its own","Take a link of an area down, and the other areas keep their routes","`show ospfv2 route` on a core router: the ring, and a route for each area"],"diagram":{"core1":[2.292,3.073],"core2":[3.634,3.073],"core3":[3.634,4.781],"core4":[2.292,4.781],"dc-sp1":[2.292,1.615],"dc-sp2":[3.634,1.615],"dc-lf1":[1.644,0.0],"dc-lf2":[2.523,0.0],"dc-lf3":[3.403,0.0],"dc-lf4":[4.282,0.0],"sci-d1":[4.444,3.073],"sci-d2":[4.444,4.781],"sci-a1":[5.509,2.969],"sci-a2":[5.926,3.927],"sci-a3":[5.509,4.885],"med-d1":[3.634,6.24],"med-d2":[2.292,6.24],"med-a1":[1.644,7.854],"med-a2":[2.523,7.854],"med-a3":[3.403,7.854],"med-a4":[4.282,7.854],"adm-d1":[1.481,4.781],"adm-d2":[1.481,3.073],"adm-a1":[0.417,2.969],"adm-a2":[0.0,3.927],"adm-a3":[0.417,4.885]},"nodes":["core1","core2","core3","core4","dc-sp1","dc-sp2","dc-lf1","dc-lf2","dc-lf3","dc-lf4","sci-d1","sci-d2","sci-a1","sci-a2","sci-a3","med-d1","med-d2","med-a1","med-a2","med-a3","med-a4","adm-d1","adm-d2","adm-a1","adm-a2","adm-a3"],"links":[["core1","core2"],["core2","core3"],["core3","core4"],["core4","core1"],["dc-sp1","core1"],["dc-sp2","core2"],["dc-sp1","dc-lf1"],["dc-sp2","dc-lf1"],["dc-sp1","dc-lf2"],["dc-sp2","dc-lf2"],["dc-sp1","dc-lf3"],["dc-sp2","dc-lf3"],["dc-sp1","dc-lf4"],["dc-sp2","dc-lf4"],["sci-d1","core2"],["sci-d2","core3"],["sci-d1","sci-d2","sci-a1","sci-a2","sci-a3"],["med-d1","core3"],["med-d2","core4"],["med-d1","med-a1"],["med-d2","med-a1"],["med-d1","med-a2"],["med-d2","med-a2"],["med-d1","med-a3"],["med-d2","med-a3"],["med-d1","med-a4"],["med-d2","med-a4"],["med-d1","med-d2"],["adm-d1","core4"],["adm-d2","core1"],["adm-d1","adm-d2","adm-a1","adm-a2","adm-a3"]]},"ospfv2-clos-large":{"protocol":"OSPFv2","topology":7,"variation":1,"title":"3-tier pod Clos (L)","tags":["datacenter","clos","single-area","ecmp","ipv4"],"help":["84 routers in a three-tier Clos, running OSPFv2.","4 super spines over 4 pods, each of 4 spines and 16 leaves","Every leaf is joined to every spine of its pod, and every spine to every super spine","Any two leaves are 2 hops apart within a pod and 4 across pods, over equal cost paths","Every router is in the backbone area and advertises its loopback","Point to point links, each a 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loopback","Every packet is authenticated by keyed MD5 (RFC 2328), with the one key of the key chain `core` every router holds: change a router's key, and its neighbors drop 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WAN","tags":["enterprise","broadcast","ipv4"],"help":["27 routers of an enterprise, running RIPv2.","At the headquarters, hq1, hq2 and the data center router dc1 share a LAN","4 regions, each with a pair of hubs, one homed to each headquarters router","3 branches in a region: two with a router homed to one hub over a primary link and to the other over a backup that costs 5, and one with two routers on a LAN, each homed to a hub","The users' LANs of the branches with one router, and the servers' LAN of dc1, are passive: advertised, with no update sent into them","RIP keeps the one cheapest path, so traffic takes the primary links, and updates go out every 10 seconds rather than 30","Take a primary link down, and its branch moves onto the backup with the next update; stop hq1, and the regions reach the data center through hq2","`show ripv2 route`: the routes a router holds, and where they came from"],"diagram":{"dc1":[4.8,0],"hq1":[3.3,0.9],"hq2":[6.3,0.9],"rg1a":[0.4,2.4],"rg1b":[1.4,2.4],"br1":[0.0,3.6],"br2":[1.8,3.6],"br3a":[0.55,4.8],"br3b":[1.25,4.8],"rg2a":[3.0,2.4],"rg2b":[4.0,2.4],"br4":[2.6,3.6],"br5":[4.4,3.6],"br6a":[3.15,4.8],"br6b":[3.85,4.8],"rg3a":[5.6,2.4],"rg3b":[6.6,2.4],"br7":[5.2,3.6],"br8":[7.0,3.6],"br9a":[5.75,4.8],"br9b":[6.45,4.8],"rg4a":[8.2,2.4],"rg4b":[9.2,2.4],"br10":[7.8,3.6],"br11":[9.6,3.6],"br12a":[8.35,4.8],"br12b":[9.05,4.8]},"nodes":["dc1","hq1","hq2","rg1a","rg1b","br1","br2","br3a","br3b","rg2a","rg2b","br4","br5","br6a","br6b","rg3a","rg3b","br7","br8","br9a","br9b","rg4a","rg4b","br10","br11","br12a","br12b"],"links":[["hq1","hq2","dc1"],["rg1a","hq1"],["rg1b","hq2"],["rg1a","rg1b"],["br1","rg1a"],["br1","rg1b"],["br2","rg1b"],["br2","rg1a"],["br3a","rg1a"],["br3b","rg1b"],["br3a","br3b"],["rg2a","hq1"],["rg2b","hq2"],["rg2a","rg2b"],["br4","rg2a"],["br4","rg2b"],["br5","rg2b"],["br5","rg2a"],["br6a","rg2a"],["br6b","rg2b"],["br6a","br6b"],["rg3a","hq1"],["rg3b","hq2"],["rg3a","rg3b"],["br7","rg3a"],["br7","rg3b"],["br8","rg3b"],["br8","rg3a"],["br9a","rg3a"],["br9b","rg3b"],["br9a","br9b"],["rg4a","hq1"],["rg4b","hq2"],["rg4a","rg4b"],["br10","rg4a"],["br10","rg4b"],["br11","rg4b"],["br11","rg4a"],["br12a","rg4a"],["br12b","rg4b"],["br12a","br12b"]]}}